Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the structure of organic compounds, study molecular interactions, and identify chemical environments in a sample. NMR works by exploiting the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. The most commonly studied nuclei are hydrogen (¹H) and carbon (¹³C), but other nuclei like nitrogen (¹⁵N), phosphorus (³¹P), and fluorine (¹⁹F) can also be analyzed.
¹H NMR (Proton NMR): This is used to observe the hydrogen atoms in a compound. It provides information about the number of hydrogen atoms, their environment, and how they are coupled to neighboring atoms.¹³C NMR (Carbon-13 NMR): This is used to study the carbon atoms in a molecule. It provides information about the carbon skeleton of the molecule.2D NMR (Two-Dimensional NMR): This includes techniques like COSY, HSQC, and HMBC that provide more detailed information about the interactions between different nuclei in a molecule.